by Dan Phillips
Structure. Scary. Though I've read and loved Proverbs since before many of you were born, the shape of chapters 1—9 remained a thing of mystery and terror to me. That may be an exaggeration, but it isn't much of a one.
Obviously, I could tell (and wrote about the fact!) that those chapters stood off from the rest of the book. They were longer, they were discourses of multiple verses, whereas "Proverbs of Solomon" at 10:1a signals the beginning of largely one-verse proverbs of two lines each. That much was plain.
Ah, but how many discourses? Where did they actually start and stop? Could you tell? Was there any progression from one to the other, or was it just a series of random sections? I mean, just look at 1:8ff. That's
pretty clearly its own section... and then v. 20 signals a change. And then most of the chapters have discourses of at least some length to them.
But then you get to chapter 6. Just look at it.
Proverbs 6: Rollicking randomness? Starts off talking to "My son" (v. 1), so that's promising. And it's about going surety, whatever that is. It goes along and then... whoops! Now we're suddenly talking to the sluggard (v. 6). No transition, just five short verses then bam! And along we go ragging on the sluggard, and then whoops! again, we're musing aloud about a worthless person (v. 12), which we do for awhile until whoops! now we're listing off
six seven things Yahweh really hates. And then another more standard discourse begins in v. 20 and seems to sweep on to the chapter's end.
So what's that all about? Is it just five unconnected sections? Fewer, more? See, you have to decide this
before you teach or preach it, or you just can't, you don't know how — because you haven't seen what Solomon was doing. If you don't see what Solomon was doing, you don't see what God was doing, and you're not ready to preach or teach it.
As an aside, I'd wager this is a reason why more don't preach Proverbs. These aren't easy questions to answer with confidence, and the literature is only sometimes helpful. That is, the academics don't write for preachers, and the preachers (tend to) lack the necessary chops to answer these questions competently.
Getting under the hood. So I dove in hammer and tongs, making my own observations and ransacking others'. As I've taken to doing, I created files just on this issue — the shape of Proverbs 6. My file on that is 19 single-spaced pages in Word, and contains a number of tables and illustrations. It wasn't a cakewalk.
For starters, it was pretty clear that vv. 20-35 hung together as a self-contained, complete discourse. Whew. But what of vv. 1-19? Here were my first impressions.
Chapter 6, at least initially, looks like five little pericopes:
1. Verses 1-5 — Surety [addressed to "my son," vv. 1, 3]
2. Verses 6-11 — Sloth [addressed to the sluggard, vv. 6, 9]
3. Verses 12-15 — Scamming [addressed to no one]
4. Verses 16-19 — Seven abominations [addressed to no one]
5. Verses 20-35 — Shun adultery [addressed to "my son," v. 20]
OK, I liked that I'd come up with five "
S" summaries. That was... well...
sweet. Any preacher would love that. But were they really completely separate? The commentators — those who even wrestle with shape — were all over the map. How to decide?
Is it getting hotter in here? Well, when you start looking at it more closely, you do start to notice a progression and cohesion in the first 19 verses. How? Well, as I note above, the first section is addressed to "My son," which is close, it is intimate. The second section is also addressed, but this time it is to the "sluggard." That's not so intimate! It isn't as bad as a fool or a scoffer, for whom there is little or no hope respectively. But it's still an address.
And then the third section is addressed to no one. It is a deeper level of condemnation, of contempt. In the first two, Solomon is
speaking-to; in this, he is
speaking-about. There's a progressive distancing. Now, this is classically Proverbial. Very often Line B is an
escalation of Line A. So it doesn't surprise to see an
escalation as the sections progress.
Indeed, on further reflection you see the sense in this. In the
first section (vv. 1-5), the son has made a bad decision in one area of his life which will come back to bite him. It may have been good-hearted, meant to help someone else, but still it is risky and foolish. So Solomon urges him to do what he needs to do to get out of it honorably, right away. If it goes wrong, it means financial ruin. Then in the
second section (vv. 6-11), it is the sluggard, and he's making bad decisions in many areas of his life. He is thinking of
no one else; he's not even thinking of his own future. He's dumber than a bug! One day, he'll find his ability to choose all-gone, as the armed man puts a sword to his chin and takes away all his freedom.
So the first is
bad, and the second is
worse. Will this continue to the
third (vv. 12-15)? Indeed it does. Solomon signals this by not even deigning to speak
to this man; he speaks only
of him. And what a wreck he is: he's wicked and he's worthless. He sins against God in six different ways, involving his mouth, his eyes, his feet, his finger, his heart. Whereas the son who's gone surety may face financial ruin, and the sluggard utter destitution, this man will be irreparably broken and ruined.
So now you're seeing that indeed the sections
are related, they
do hang together, and in a classically Solomonic way. The first paints a bad portrait, the second worse, and the third is worst of all.
Four? or three? Or is it? Must we confine it to vv. 12-15? Then what of vv. 16-19? That would be awkward: the first fifteen verses hang together, the last sixteen verses hang together, but between them are just four random verses?
So we look closer, and ponder further. We notice that the first section (vv. 1-5) is five
verses long, and the second (vv. 6-11) is
six verses long. This is a progression. But then,
if it stands alone, the third steps back and is only four verses long (vv. 12-15). Moses doesn't have a law against it, but it does seem anticlimactic. So what if we join vv, 16-19 to vv. 12-15? Then the third section becomes
eight verses long, which is a fitting climax to the progression.
Yet at first blush, the two sections don't seem to cohere. There's a musing-aloud about the worthless man (vv. 12-15), and then there's a list of
six seven things Yahweh hates? Sure looks like two lists.
But look again.
How many horrid crimes are charged to the worthless man? From my translation:
- Walks with a twisted mouth,
- Winks with his eyes
- Signals with his foot
- Points with his fingers
- With perversities in his heart/Devises evil at all times
- He spreads conflicts.
Why, that's
six things. And in the next section,
how many things does Yahweh hate?
Seven.
Okay then, that
is progression. And there's more. There's a conceptual hinge, right in the middle. The
last verse of the first section (v. 15) promises judgment on this man, but does not explicitly say that it is
Yahweh who will bring that judgment. Then in a mirror image, the
first verse of the next section (v. 16) reveals that Yahweh condemns certain traits — but does not explicitly say that He will bring
judgment on these people. That hinge connects the two sections, pairs them.
One other thing. In the first section the "son" is addressed twice. In the second, the "sluggard" is addressed twice. Doesn't it make sense for Solomon to take two passes at describing what Yahweh really finds unbearably noxious, in the climactic section?
Catchy. There are also indicators in Hebrew that show the sections as relating, the use of catchwords (forms of the same word, or synonyms). Steinmann lists them out, as does Waltke. Hoping it's of some use to you, here's a color-coding I did based on my translation, trying to illustrate the catch-words which, you'll notice, run throughout the sections:
6:1 My son, if you guaranteed debt for your neighbor,
If you struck your palm for a stranger,
6:2 You have been snared by the sayings of your mouth,
You have been trapped by the sayings of your mouth.
6:3 So do this, my son, and deliver yourself —
For you have come into the palm of your neighbor:Go, grovel, and pester your neighbors!
6:4 Do not give sleep to your eyes,
Or slumber to your eyelids;
6:5 Deliver yourself as a gazelle from the hand,
As a bird from the hand of the fowler.
6:6 Go to the ant, sluggard;
See her ways, and become wise.
6:7 Who, though she is without leader,
Administrator, or ruler,
6:8 Readies, in the summer, her bread,
Gathers, in the harvest, her food.
6:9 Until when, sluggard, will you lie there?
When will you rise from your sleep?
6:10 “A little sleep, a little slumber,
A little folding of the hands to lie down….”
6:11 Then comes, like a vagabond, your poverty,
And your lack like an armed man!
6:12 A worthless person, an abusive man,
Is he who walks with a twisted mouth,
6:13 Winks with his eyes, signals with his foot,
Points with his fingers,
6:14 With perversities in his heart
Devises evil at all times.
He spreads conflicts.
6:15 Therefore suddenly comes his calamity,
Instantly he is broken,
And with no healing.
6:16 Six things they are, Yahweh hates —
in fact, seven are abominations to His soul.
6:17 Haughty eyes,
A deceptive tongue,
And hands shedding innocent blood;
6:18 A heart devising abusive plans,Feet hastening to run to evil,
6:19 A deceptive witness who breathes out lies,
And one spreading conflicts between brothers. [DJP]
Now let's preach! So I ended up seeing that I should preach this as a progressive series of portraits of folly, each worse than the other. I titled the sermons thus:
Dumb: Financial Folly
Dumber: Squandered Treasures (My dear wife really liked this one. Just sayin')
Dumbest: Antagonizing God
So, what of the final section (vv. 20-35)? Does it relate? Should we do as Ortlund does, lump it with chapter 7 as being about immorality?
Next time, DV.
This way to the fifth and final post
Previously:
First post: Introduction and Overview:
Second post: Getting Started
Third post: Commentaries
